Introduction of computer = computer word taken from LATIN language.
the computer comes from the word “compute “ which mean calculation.
Computer is a electronic system it is a perform the mathematic operation.
but present computer use in human daily life. and modern time computer
made wonderful Machines.
COMPUTER
C= COMPUTE/CALCLUATION
O = OPERATING\OPERTOR
M=MACHINE
P=PROCESSING
U=UNIT
T=TASKS/trader
E=ELECTRONIC
R=RESULT [OUTPUT]
Definition of computer = computer is a electronic device /machine which
are perform the three basic tasks input and processing , output is known
computer
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
L.K.SAINI [0,1] L.K.SAINI
What is data?
DATA=it is a collection of information is called . [input]
Example we input the “A” from the keyboard.
What is information?
Information = the process of data is called the information [output]
We are chatting with our friends on line from the internet, and send the
EMAIL our relation
What is operating system.?
AS all of now that computer consists two part H/W and S/W. so I start computer operating system
A operating system is a large collection of software and hardware, Which is control all the Resource
such as a file memory hard disk and I/O device is called operating system.
Examples :-Window xp, window 7,8,8.1,8.2 and window 10 etc.
What is software ?
a set of instruction program is called software another words we can say that A software is Internal
part of computer system we can see feel , but can not touch is known as software.
What is hardware.?
A hardware is External and physical part of computer where we can see, feel and touch is called H/W
Operational part of [ unit] computer
A.L.U. [ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT ]
C.U. [CONTROL UNIT ]
C.P.U.[CENTROL PROCESSING UNIT ]
A.L.U. = the A.L.U. is a important component of the c. p. u. it is a actual
execution of the instruction .it is perform the all the arithmetic operation
after entering the data through the input device it is stored the data primary
memory ,Then processing of data and instruction are performed by
arithmetic logical unit the major operation performed by the A.L.U. are
addition, subtractions, multiplication, division, logical comparison etc.
Operator meaning example answer
+ addition 8+5 13
* multiplication 8*5 40
- subtraction 8-5 3
/ division 10/2 5
CONTORL UNIT = the next component of control unit which act
supervisor. the control unit determine the sequence in which computer
program and instruction are executed. Things like processing of program
stored in the main Memory.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT = the ALU and C.U. are jointly known as the
central processing unit. it is also called brain of computer. It is just like
brain that takes All major decision and make all sort of calculation and
directs different parts of Computer function by activating and controlling
the operation.
HOW COMPUTER WORK ?
Input
Storage
Processing
output
INPUT = This is process of entering of data and program into the computer
system. since a compute is electronic Machine like any other machine which
takes as input raw data and perform some processing giving out processed
data.
Storage =the process of saving of data and instruction permanently is know as
storage. data fed into computer System before the actual processing starts. It
is because The central processing unit.
PROCESSING = the tasks performing like arithmetic and logical operation is
called processing. the c p u or central processing unit and take the data
instruction from storage unit and make all sort calculation.
OUTPUT = this is processing of result from data getting Useful information.
Output device display information On the screen[monitor] or the printer and
send the information other computer.
HOW COMPUTER CONNECT FROM YOUR PERSONAL COMPTER / SYSTEM UNIT.
1. PORT AND CONNECTOR
2. POWER SUPPLY AND
3. MOTHER BORD
Port and connector: port is a connector located on the motherboard or on
a separate adapter. Port and Connector allow the computer to communicate
with Different and peripherals attached with it.
Power supply: power supply change normal household a Electricity that a
computer can use. A power supply unit (psu) is a internal component used to
supply the power to the components of a computer.
Motherboard :the mother is a main board of the circuit board of the a
microcomputer. It is also known as the main board or system. it the circuit
board in which all
COMCEPUTER GENERATION The evolution of computer started from 16th century and resulted in today ’s
modern machines. The present computer, however, has also undergone Rapid change over the year this period,
during which the evolution of the computer took place, can be divided into five distinct phase know as generation
of computer.
1 First Generation Computer(1940-1956)
2. second Generation Computer(1956-1963)
3. third Generation Computer(1964-1971)
4. fourth Generation Computer(1971- Present)
5. Fifth Generation Computer(Present and Beyond)
1. First Generation Computer (1940-1956) are characterized by the use of the tube. A vacuum tube. For internal
memory. It’s programming was very hard. These vacuum Tubes were used for the calculation as well as storage
and control the first general Purpose programmable electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical
integrator and Computer ( ENIAC) built by J. PRESPER ECTER And John. V. MAUCHLY at the University of
Pennsylvania. The ENIAC was 30-50 Feet long, weighed 30 tons, contained 18,000 vacuum tube,70,000
Register,10,000 capacitors and Required 150,000 watts of Electricity. Before ENIAC WAS Finished, von Neumann
designed the Electronic Discrete variable Automatic Computer(EDVAC) with a memory hold both a stored
program as data. ECKER and MAUCHLY later developed what was arguably the first commercially successful
computer, The Universal Automatic computer(UNICVAC) in 1952.
Examples: ENIAC,EDVAC,UNICVAC.
Second Generation Computer (1956-1963) Second generation are characterized by the use of transistors
(transistors and Diodes) and magnetic core storage formed basis the for the second generation computer.
transistor is device composed. of the semiconductor material, That Amplifies a single or open closes a circuits.
invented in Bell Labs, transistors have become The Key ingredient of all Digital circuits, including Computers.
Transistor replaced The bulky electronic tubes in the first Generation. They also allowed computer to become To
smaller and more powerful and faster at the same Time. They are also Less expensive, Required less electricity
and emitted less heat than vacuum tubes. Manufacturing cost was Also very Low.
It is a second generation computer that the concept of the central processing unit (CPU), memory, Programming
language and input and output unit are developed second generation computer moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic.
Example PDP-8,IBMI1400 Series, IBM 1620 ,IBM7090,CDC3600.
Third Generation Computer(1964-1971) third generation are characterized by the use of the integrated the third
generation computer introduce in 1964.transistors were miniaturized And placed on silicon chips, called
Semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed And efficiency of computer they used INTGRTED Circuit
(ICs).the development of ICs proved To milestone in the field of computer and electronics. These ICs are popularly
know as chips.
Silicon is the basic material used to make computer chips. Transistors, silicon diodes and Other electronic circuit
and Switching devices because its atomic structure makes the Element an ideal Semiconductors. Silicon is
commonly doped or mixed, with other element Such as boron ,phosphorous and arsenic, to alter its conductive
properties A Typical chips Less than ¼-square inches and can contain million of the electronic components
(transistors).computer consist of the many chips placed on the electronic Boards Called Circuit Boards. There are
Different types of chips. for example , CPU Chips also called microprocessors contain the an the entire processing
unit, whereas memory chips contain Blank memory.
A single IC, has many transistors, register and capacitors built on the SINGLE thin slice of Silicon. Development in
ICs rages from small scale integration(SSI) To medium scale integration(MSI). Multilayered printed circuit were
developed and core memory was Replace by faster, solid sates memories. computer this generation were small
size, low cost, large Memory and processing speed very high. higher level language(c, c++, java)etc. such as BASIC
(Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code) was during this period. The development of mini computer also
took place during this generation.
Examples. NCR 395,B 6500,IBM360,370
Fourth Generation Computer(1971- Present) Fourth Generation are characterized by the use of the
microprocessor. the fourth generation computer started around 1971by using large scale of the integration
(LSI)IN The construction of the computing elements.LSI circuits built on a single Silicon chip called
microprocessor. A microprocessor contains required to perform arithmetic logic and control function On the
single chip. Because of microprocessor ,the forth generation computer includes more than data processing
Capacity than equivalent-size third Generation computer. due of the development of microprocessor it is possible
To place computer central processing unit(CPU) on single chip. These computer are called microprocessors. Later
very large scale Integrated (VLSI)Circuits replaced LSI Circuits.
The major innovation in this generation were the development of microelectronics and the different areas in
Computer technology such as multiprocessing ,multiprogramming ,time sharing, operating speed virtual storage.
During this period ,high speed vector processor changed the scenario of high performance computing .mostly
Microcomputer and work station were introduce for the time shared mainframe computer. Thus the computer
Which was occupying a very large room in earlier days can now be placed on a table. The personal computer Is
fourth generation computer. IT is the period when evolution of computer network also took place
Examples. Apple II, Alter 8800
5. Fifth Generation Computer (Present and Beyond) the fifth generation computer characterized by the use
Based on Artificial Intelligence ,are still in development ,though are some application ,such voice recognition,
that Are being used today. ARIFICIAL Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with making
Computer behave likes humans and allow the computer to take its own decision . currently, no computer exhibit
Full artificial intelligence(that is are able to simulate human behavior ). The greatest advantage have occurred
In the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. Today the
Hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural network . which are provides successful in an umber of discipline
Such as voice recognition and natural language processing. there are several programming language that are
Know as AI language because they are used almost exclusively for Ai application .the two most common are LISP
And prolog .the speed extremely high in fifth generation computer in development of fifth generation computer
,Parallelism processing attended the main focus of developer this generation introduce machines with hundreds
Of processors that could all be working different parts of single program . development of more powerful
computer are still in progress. It h has been predicated will be able to communicate in natural spoken language
With it’s user, store vast knowledge database ,search rapidly through these database ,making intelligent
interface drawing logical conclusions, image processing and see objects in the way that human do.
Table 1.1 show the comparative features of five generation of computer
1.1 table features of five generation of computer
Criteria First
Generation
Computer
Second
Generation
Computer
Third
Generation
Computer
Fourth
Generation
Computer
Fifth
Generation
Computer
Technology Vacuum tube Transistor Integrated Microprocessor Artificial
Intelligent
Speed Slowest Slow Medium Faster Fastest
Size Largest Large Medium Smaller Smallest
Reliability Unreliable Less reliable More reliable More reliable More reliable
Operating
System
None None Yes Yes Yes
Language Machine Assembly High level High level High level
Period 1940-156 1956-1963 1964- 1971 1971 present Present and
Beyond
Computer system
Each computer consists of a series of device that together operate as an integrated unit or computer system
The processor is mode up of the memory ,arithmetic, logic and control units. A large computer system will
normally have one or more auxiliary units ,where input and output data are stored. A brief description of
computer system is given here .
How computer work ?
1 INPUT
2 STORAGE
3 PROCESSING
4 OUTPUT
Input : This is process of entering of data and program in the computer system. since computer is electronic
device /machine like other machine which take input raw data and perform same processing given out
processed data, the input unit take data from user to the computer in an organized manner processing.
Information and programs are entered into the computer through input device such as the keyboard, disk, Or
through other computer via network connection or modems connected to the internet.
Storage : the process of saving data and instructions permanently is know as storage. Data has to be fed into
the system before the actual processing started. It is because the processing speed of central processing
unit.(CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first
Storage unit for faster access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system
Is designed to do the above functionallty. It provides space for storing data and instruction.
The storage unit performs the following major functions.
All data and instruction are stored here before and the after processing.
Intermediate result of processing are also stored here.
Input unit storage unit out put unit
Control unit
Central
Processing unit
Arithmetic logic unit
Basic computer operation
The components are connect through cable within a personal computer.
Many device are connect with motherboard directly or indirect.
Operating system.
Unix.
Linux.
Window xp.
basic Unix elements
command,
file
Directories
Environment
Process
Job.
command a command are the instruction we give to the system to
information it what it is do.
Files are collection of data. A file is similar to a container in which we can store
documents or raw facts and figures, which is store in directories.
Directories is a similar to a file basket that contain many files. a directory can
Also contain other directory
Environment it a collection of different items that explain the modify how your
Computing session will be carried out.
Process is a command or application running on the computer
Job is the sequence of the instruction give to computer from the time to initiate
A particular tasks. Job may have one or more processes in it.
What is the software?
The group of instruction is called program. And known as software
It is a internal part of computer system. we can’t touch only we can see is
known software. e.g. M.s. word, business application, Gmail another type
software.
What is the hardware.
It is a external part of computer system. we can touch and we can see
hardware is known hardware.
Keyboard, mouse , monitor, etc.
Memory are various types
Bit = it a small unit (binary number system 0,1).
Nibble four bit groups called nibble
1nibble = 4 bit
Bytes = it is group of eight bit is known bytes normally one charter(number
/latter)represent the one bit
1 bit = 8 bit
Kilobit-kb 1024 byte is ‘s 1 kilobit called
1 kilobit = 1024 byte
Megabyte-MB 1024 kilobyte ‘s 1megabyte called
Gigabyte –GB 1024 megabyte ‘s 1 gigabyte called
=1024*1024 kilobyte
=1024*1024*1024 byte
Terabyte –TB 1024 gigabyte called 1 terabyte
1 terabyte =1024gegabyte
1024*1024 megabyte
1024*1024 *1024kilobyte
1024*1024*1024*1024 by.
Note
